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Ionian Islands under Venetian rule
The Ionian Islands were a maritime and overseas possession of the Republic of Venice from the mid-14th century until the late 18th century. The conquest of the islands took place gradually. The first to be acquired was Cythera and the neighboring islet of Anticythera, indirectly in 1238 and directly after 1363. In 1386, Corfu voluntarily became part of Venice's colonies. Following a century, Venice captured Zante in 1485, Cephalonia in 1500 and Ithaca in 1503. The conquest was completed in 1718 with the capture of Lefkada. Each of the islands remained part of the Venetian ''Stato da Màr'' until Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the Republic of Venice in 1797. The Ionian Islands are situated in the Ionian Sea, off the west coast of Greece. Cythera, the southernmost, is just off the southern tip of the Peloponnese and Corfu, the northernmost, is located at the entrance of the Adriatic Sea. In modern Greek, the period of Venetian rule over Greek territory is known as ''Venetokratia'' or ''Enetokratia'' ( or Ενετοκρατία) and literally means "rule of the Venetians".〔Brame, Saporta, Contreras & Newmeyer, p. 213.〕 It is believed that the Venetian period on the Ionian Islands was agreeable, especially compared with the coinciding Turkish rule over other parts of present-day Greece.〔Tsitselis, p. 529.〕
The governor of the Ionian Islands during the Venetian period was the ''Provveditore generale da Mar'', who resided on Corfu. Additionally, each island's authorities were divided into the Venetian and the domestic authorities. The economy of the islands was based on exporting local goods, primarily raisins, olive oil and wine, whereas Venetian lira, the currency of Venice, was also the currency of the islands. Some features of the culture of Venice were incorporated in the culture of the Ionian Islands. The Italian language, for instance, which was introduced on the islands as the official language and was adopted by the upper class, is still popular today throughout the islands.
== Relations between Venice and Byzantium ==
Venice was founded in 421 after the destruction of nearby communities by the Huns and the Lombards. In the shifting Italian borders of the following centuries, Venice benefited from remaining under the control of the Roman Empire - increasingly as the furtherest Northwestern outpost of the now Constantinople centered power. During Justinian I's reconquest of Italy from the Visigoths, Venice was an increasingly important stronghold for the Empire's Exarchate of Ravenna.〔Thiriet, p. 32.〕 The political centre of the exarchate, and the most senior military officials of the Empire, were situated in Ravenna.〔Mauskopf Deliyannis, p. 278.〕〔Grafton, Most & Settis, p. 806.〕 The subordinate military officials who were their representatives in the Venetian lagoons were called tribunes, and only in about AD 697 were the lagoons made a separate military command under a ''dux'' (doge).〔Lane, p. 4.〕 Notwithstanding the election of the first Doge, vassalic evidence such as honours and orders received by the doge from the Emperor implies that Venice was considered part of the Byzantine Empire even after the capture of Ravenna by the Lombards.〔Lane, p. 5.〕 Despite the Pax Nicephori (803), which recognised Venice as Byzantine territory, the influence of the Eastern Roman Emperor slowly faded away.〔 By 814 Venice functioned as a fully independent republic.〔Luttwak, p. 151.〕 Even so, Venice became a partner of the Empire and trading privileges were granted to it by the Emperors via treaties,〔Nicol, p. 16.〕 such as the Byzantine–Venetian Treaty of 1082.
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was initially intended to invade Muslim-controlled areas; instead, the Crusaders attacked the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, resulting in the temporary dissolution of the empire and the sack of its capital.〔Laiou, p. 154.〕 As Venice was one of the participants in the Crusade its relations with the Byzantine Empire were strained during this period.〔Nicol, p. 66.〕 Moreover, by styling himself "Lord of one-quarter and one-eighth of the whole Empire of Romania" after the Crusade, the Doge of Venice at that time, Enrico Dandolo (who had masterminded the attack and personally led the final assault) contributed to the deterioration of the relations between the two states.〔〔Nicol, p. 254.〕 Efforts to improve relations, for example through the Nicaean–Venetian Treaty of 1219, proved unsuccessful.〔Novoselova, p. 547.〕 A period of friendly relations only followed the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, when Venice, foreseeing the fall of Charles, the French King of Sicily, began forming closer relations with Byzantium.〔Novoselova, p. 599.〕 Venice had been bound by an alliance with Charles against Byzantium in 1281.〔
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